Interventional procedures includes a variety of image-guided procedures and includes elements of endoscopy and radiology.

In general it uses the guidance of fluoroscopy (moving x-rays), sometimes also with endoscopes, in order to treat a specific condition.

The most common interventional procedures that I perform include:

• Tracheal stenting for tracheal collapse or tumours
• Urethral stenting for palliative management of urethral tumours, bladder tumours and benign obstruction

More complex vascular procedures are typically performed as part of multi-disciplinary teams (internal medicine, soft tissue surgery, radiology):

• Occlusion of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts
• Vascular stenting (most commonly the caudal vena cava) for obstructive disease
• Intra-arterial procedures including embolisation and chemotherapy administration

A number of interventional procedures are also performed by specialist cardiologists including:

• Interventional management of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
• Balloon dilation of pulmonic stenosis
• Pacemaker implantation

A fluoroscopic image of a urethral stent in a dog for treatment of a urethral tumour

A fluoroscopic image of a dog undergoing coil embolisation of an intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. The image shows a stent in the vena cava with multiple coils deployed into the shunt