Endoscopy is now a crucial component of the investigation of urinary tract disease in our patients and is possible in all female and the majority of male dogs.

Cystoscopy is typically performed with a rigid telescope in female dogs and a flexible ureteroscope in male dogs.

Common indications include:

• Investigation of urinary incontinence
• Investigation of difficulties in urinating
• Investigation of suspected bladder tumours or polyps
• Investigation of recurrent urinary tract infections
• Investigations of haematuria (blood in the urine).